Long before the earliest animals swam through the water-covered surface of Earth’s ancient past, one of the most important encounters in the history of life took place. A primitive bacterium was ...

Many of us remember from high school biology class that mitochondria are the cell’s “power plants.” These small kidney-bean-shaped structures are what convert nutrients from food into ATP — the cell’s ...

A study on ground squirrels shows, not only do mitochondria produce bioenergy in the cone-shaped photoreceptors in the retina of the eye, they also act as micro-lenses that redirect light to the ...

A stressful year leads to anxiety. Lasting isolation gives way to depression. An old trauma nags until it becomes paralyzing. Psychological and social experiences shape the brain, potentially leading ...

Your brain is a metabolically fierce organ, punching way above its weight of two pounds to consume 20 to 25 percent of the body’s fuel supply. The brain’s energy-making machinery, centered in ...