We have all had difficulty testing diodes in-circuit. Most DMM’s have a diode Vf function that measures forward drop, but what is the normal voltage drop? Analog VOM’s attempt to measure resistance of ...

To measure a zener diode’s breakdown voltage, you need a dc voltage source whose voltage exceeds that of the zener voltage. In Figure 1, resistor R SER provides voltage drop between V IN and V ZEN. In ...

Designing automotive electronics presents numerous technical challenges, including the need to protect against electrical hazards under the hood and in the cabin. The three major sources of electrical ...

Digital multimeters (DMM), once called voltmeters, have been described as the tape measure for engineers in the new millennium. With electronics and electrical circuits included in almost every ...

If you are using infrared (IR) hardware in an IoT, embedded, or mobile hardware project and are currently experiencing difficulties debugging IR communications, using one of the circuits shown below ...

If you’ve worked on a project with small LEDs, you know the frustration of determining their polarity. This ingenious LED Probe from [David] packs a lot of useful features into a simple, ...

Snubbers play an important role in switch-mode power supplies. To understand use of the snubber, we have to look at the performance of a switch-mode power supply. Fig. 1. RCD and R2CD snubbers for ON ...